Which type of data is often emphasized as problematic for investors when it comes to ESG disclosures?

The type of data often emphasized as problematic for investors when it comes to ESG disclosures is binary data that oversimplifies complex issues. This is because binary data provides a simplistic yes/no or true/false response to complex environmental, social, and governance factors, which can mask the nuances and intricacies of actual ESG performance. Investors seek comprehensive and in-depth information to assess risks and opportunities effectively, and binary data can lead to misinterpretations of a company's true standing or impact.

For example, if a company reports that it meets a sustainability target or has certain programs in place, the binary nature of this data does not reveal the depth of implementation, the scale of impact, or other critical qualitative insights. Thus, relying solely on such oversimplified data can lead to an incomplete understanding of a company's ESG practices.

In terms of the other options, qualitative narratives lacking substance may not provide enough factual basis for assessment, exclusively quantitative data without context may fail to give a true picture of performance, and data focused on historical performance may not account for current practices or future sustainability impacts. However, the reductionist nature of binary responses in ESG matters is particularly concerning as it can lead to misleading conclusions for stakeholders making critical investment decisions.